A perspective on information, knowledge and context

February 11th, 2012

Chlorine: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Chlorine". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Chlorine" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Chlorine

 

Chlorine

 

Chlorine (100)

 

·         It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements; for this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent.

 

·         The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont.

 

·         The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air," having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid.

 

·         The great oxidizing potential of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as uses of an essential reagent in the chemical industry.

 

·         As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary.

 

·         Solutions of chlorine in water contain chlorine (Cl2), hydrochloric acid, and hypochlorous acid: This conversion to the right is called disproportionation, because the ingredient chlorine both increases and decreases in formal oxidation state.

 

·         Like the other halogens, chlorine participates in free-radical substitution reactions with hydrogen-containing organic compounds.

 

·         In the Earth's crust, chlorine is present at average concentrations of about 126 parts per million, predominantly in such minerals as halite (sodium chloride), sylvite (potassium chloride), and carnallite (potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate).

 

·         Principal applications of chlorine are in the production of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

 

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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Posted by Henry at 2.11 | Comments Off
 
January 28th, 2012

What educators say about WikiSummarizer

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

 Here are some comments about WikiSummarizer by bloggers writing about tools for education and learning .  

 

1.   Try the New Wiki Summarizer Features

"Last year I discovered Wiki Summarizer and almost immediately started sharing it in many of my presentations. Wiki Summarizer is a site that allows you to search Wikipedia, have articles summarized by key points, and provides lists of articles that are related to your original search. Wiki Summarizer now offers hyperlinked word clouds for every Wikipedia article."

 

Richard Byrne – Free Technology for Teachers

 2.   WikiSummarizer Adds Keyword Cloud  

 

"If you have ever played around with Wordle then you know just how much fun it is to see the keywords from a website jump out at you- visually showing you the topics that have been covered. Wikisummarizer generated the Keyword Cloud very quickly and when I was done I copied the embed code that was supplied and pasted it into my blog for all of you to see."

by Brian Friedlander – Assistive Technology

 3.   Wiki Summarizer: A Google Wonder Wheel Substitute

"Called the WikiSummarizer this tool automatically generates outlines from Wikipedia articles on any topic. The result—much like the result of a Wonder Wheel search—-is a condensed list of important subtopics connected to a broader concept."

 

by Bill Ferriter – The Tempered Radical

4.   WikiSummarizer Outlines Wikipedia

"WikiSummarizer is a site that allows you to search Wikipedia, have articles summarized by key points, and provides lists of articles that are related to your original search."

 

Richard Byrne – Free Technology for Teachers

 5.   WikiSummarizer as a tool for “learning on your own"

 

"WikiSummarizer, in combination with mind maps, has the astounding capacity to both guide your inductive intuition in a purely deductive way, and to help you synthesize huge bodies of bare facts and draw helpful conclusions."

 

by Michael Szostalo

 6. Wiki Summarizer an easy way to outline Wikipedia

" WikiSummarizer automatically summarizes the Wikipedia articles. The program identifies the most important keywords and ranks them by relevancy. For each keyword the most significant sentences in the original text are presented to the reader."

 

 Technology Bits Bytes & Nibbles!

 7. WIKISUMMARIZER: Point Form Summary Of A Wikipedia Entry

"Today’s tool, WIKISUMMARIZER is amaz­ing in many respects. It’s a com­puter pro­gram that scans a Wikipedia arti­cle, iden­ti­fies the main points, then cre­ates an out­line with them. It does this by iden­ti­fy­ing the impor­tant key­words and ranks them by rel­e­vancy. That’s def­i­nitely a notch above num­ber crunch­ing or code execution."

 

John Goldsmith – DE Tools Editor

 8. Key Words, Wiki Summarizer & College Reading

"Summarizer could be very useful in helping students identify key words – a skill that almost everyone in a reading class needs to improve. Key words pop out for skilled readers, and we often assume that they pop for everyone. Not so.  Wiki Summarizer may provide a useful tool to help me with that."

 

toreadtowrite

 9. WikiSummarizer is Great For Summarizing Wikipedia

"WikiSummarizer is great for long Wikipedia articles or getting the key points about a topic. Instead of reading the whole article you can just read the important parts. WikiSummarizer is perfect for accessing key points of information quickly."

 

Assistive Technology Blog

 10. WikiSummarizer – Get The Best Wikipedia Results 

"Wiki Summarizer is a great application for educators. We all know Wikipedia is a great resource for both teachers and students. It is probably the primary springboard for students online searches. With Wiki Summarizer , Wikipedia will have a another feel . It will enable them to get the best results all summarized in one page and accessible at the instance of a click. Their broad topics will now be narrowed down and so much time will be save."

 

Educational Technology and Mobile Learning

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About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Posted by Henry at 1.28 | Comments Off
 
January 26th, 2012

Sulfur: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Sulfur". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Sulfur" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

Wikipedia article:  Sulfur

 

Sulfur

 

Sulfur (100)

 

·         Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.

 

·         Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature.

 

·         Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes.

 

·         Many sulfur compounds are odiferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds.

 

·         Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin.

 

·         In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites contribute some sulfur.

 

·         Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes have until recently been the basis for commercial production in the United States, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine.

 

·         Today, sulfur is produced from petroleum, natural gas, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as hydrogen sulfide.

 

·         This process entails oxidation of some hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and then the comproportionation of the two: Owing to the high sulfur content of the Athabasca Oil Sands, stockpiles of elemental sulfur from this process now exist throughout Alberta, Canada.

 

·         Reduction of elemental sulfur gives polysulfides, which consist of chains of sulfur atoms terminated with S centers: This reaction highlights arguably the single most distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to catenate (bind to itself by formation of chains).

 

·         Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing monoterpenoid grapefruit mercaptan in small concentrations is responsible for the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations.

 

·         Being abundantly available in native form, sulfur (Latin sulphur) was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah (Genesis).

 

·         Elemental sulfur is mainly used as a precursor to other chemicals.

 

·         Reduced glutathione, a sulfur-containing tripeptide, is a reducing agent through its sulfhydryl (-SH) moiety derived from cysteine.

 

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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Posted by Henry at 1.26 | Comments Off
 
January 25th, 2012

Phosphorus: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Phosphorus". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Phosphorus" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Phosphorus

 

Phosphorus

 

Phosphorus (100)

 

·         A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks.

 

·         Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth.

 

·         The first form of elemental phosphorus to be produced (white phosphorus, in 1669) emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen – hence its name given from Greek mythology, Φωσφόρος meaning "light-bearer" (Latin Lucifer), referring to the "Morning Star", the planet Venus.

 

·         Although the term "phosphorescence", meaning glow after illumination, derives from this property of phosphorus, the glow of phosphorus originates from oxidation of the white (but not red) phosphorus and should be called chemiluminescence.

 

·         The vast majority of phosphorus compounds are consumed as fertilizers.

 

·         Today, the most important commercial use of phosphorus-based chemicals is the production of fertilizers, to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil.

 

·         The two most common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus.

 

·         White phosphorus and related molecular forms The most important form of elemental phosphorus from the perspective of applications and chemical literature is white phosphorus.

 

·         In this sense, red phosphorus is not an allotrope, but rather an intermediate phase between the white and violet phosphorus, and most of its properties have a range of values.

 

·         Phosphorus is not found free in nature, but it is widely distributed in many minerals, mainly phosphates.

 

·         The white phosphorus is then oxidised to phosphoric acid and subsequently neutralised with base to give phosphate salts.

 

·         Oxides The most prevalent compounds of phosphorus are derivatives of phosphate (PO4), a tetrahedral anion.

 

·         In 1769 Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) is found in bones, and they obtained phosphorus from bone ash.

 

 

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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Posted by Henry at 1.25 | Comments Off
 
January 24th, 2012

Silicon: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Silicon". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Silicon" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Silicon

 

Silicon

 

Silicon (100)

 

·         Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery: silicon was first prepared and characterized in pure form in 1824, and given the name silicium (from Latin: silicis, flints), with an -ium word-ending to suggest a metal.

 

·         It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates.

 

·         Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.

 

·         Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, and indeed often with little processing of compounds from nature.

 

·         Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy.

 

·         Although most free silicon is used in the steel refining, aluminum-casting, and fine chemical industries (often to make fumed silica), the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon that is used in semiconductor electronics (< 10%) is perhaps even more critical.

 

·         Because of wide use of silicon in integrated circuits, the basis of most computers, a great deal of modern technology depends on it.

 

·         Naturally occurring silicon is composed of three stable isotopes, silicon-28, silicon-29, and silicon-30, with silicon-28 being the most abundant (92% natural abundance).

 

·         The most common decay mode of six isotopes with mass numbers lower than the most abundant stable isotope, silicon-28, is β+, primarily forming aluminium isotopes (13 protons) as decay products.

 

·         Silicon is usually found in the form of complex silicate minerals, and less often as silicon dioxide (silica, a major component of common sand).

 

·         The crystals have the empirical formula of silicon dioxide, but do not consist of separate silicon dioxide molecules in the manner of solid carbon dioxide.

 

·         Ferrosilicon, an iron-silicon alloy that contains varying ratios of elemental silicon and iron, accounts for about 80% of the world's production of elemental silicon, with China, the leading supplier of elemental silicon, providing 4.6 million tonnes (or 2/3 of the world output) of silicon, most of which is in the form of ferrosilicon.

 

·         It makes up about 20% of the world total elemental silicon production, with less than 1 to 2% of total elemental silicon (5–10% of metallurgical grade silicon) ever purified to higher grades for use in electronics.

 

·         Silicon dihalides are formed by the high temperature reaction of tetrahalides and silicon; with a structure analogous to a carbene they are reactive compounds.

 

·         Silicon dioxide is a high melting solid with a number of different crystal forms; the most familiar of which is the mineral quartz.

 

·         Pure monocrystalline silicon is used to produce silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry, in electronics and in some high-cost and high-efficiency photovoltaic applications.

 

 

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Posted by Henry at 1.24 | Comments Off
 
January 22nd, 2012

Aluminium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Aluminium". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Aluminium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Aluminium

 

Aluminium

 

Aluminium (100)

 

·         Aluminium ( /ˌжljuːˈmɪniəm/ a-lew-mi-nee-əm) or aluminum (US English) ( /ˌəlˈuːmɪnəm/, ə-loo-mi-nəm) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements.

 

·         Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust.

 

·         Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation.

 

·         Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials.

 

·         The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.

 

·         Because of their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.

 

·         Corrosion resistance can be excellent due to a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation.

 

·         Aluminium is one of the few metals that retain full silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of silver-colored paints.

 

·         Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea and Chen et al. (2011) have proposed a theory of its origin as resulting by reduction from tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH)4 to metallic aluminium by bacteria.

 

·         Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite (AlOx(OH)3–2x).

 

·         For example, direct reduction with carbon, as is used to produce iron, is not chemically possible because aluminium is a stronger reducing agent than carbon.

 

·         The electrolytic process replaced the Wцhler process, which involved the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium.

 

·         Both of the electrodes used in the electrolysis of aluminium oxide are carbon.

 

·         Oxide and hydroxides Aluminium forms one stable oxide, known by its mineral name corundum.

 

·         The important aluminium hydride is lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), which is used in as a reducing agent in organic chemistry.

 

·         In 1926, the American Chemical Society officially decided to use aluminum in its publications; American dictionaries typically label the spelling aluminium as a British variant.

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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Posted by Henry at 1.22 | Comments Off
 
January 21st, 2012

Magnesium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Magnesium". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Magnesium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

  

Essential Summary

 Wikipedia article:  Magnesium

 

Magnesium

 

Magnesium (100)

 

·         Magnesium is the fourth most common element in the Earth as a whole (behind iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of planet's mantle.

 

·         The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei).

 

·         Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.

 

·         It tarnishes slightly when exposed to air, although unlike the alkali metals, storage in an oxygen-free environment is unnecessary because magnesium is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly impermeable and difficult to remove.

 

·         Like its lower periodic table group neighbor calcium, magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium.

 

·         Once ignited, it is difficult to extinguish, being able to burn in nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), carbon dioxide (forming magnesium oxide and carbon) and water (forming magnesium oxide and hydrogen).

 

·         Magnesium compounds are typically white crystals.

 

·         Small amounts of dissolved magnesium ion contribute to the tartness and taste of natural waters.

 

·         Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (common name: Epsom salt) is sometimes used for this purpose.

 

·         So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide.

 

·         Magnesium hydroxide (brucite) is insoluble in water so it can be filtered out, and reacted with hydrochloric acid to obtain concentrated magnesium chloride.

 

·         The main applications of magnesium are, in order: component of aluminium alloys, in die-casting (alloyed with zinc), to remove sulfur in the production of iron and steel, the production of titanium in the Kroll process.

 

·         Specialty, high-grade car wheels of magnesium alloy are called "mag wheels", although the term is often more broadly misapplied to include aluminum wheels.

 

·         Historically, magnesium was one of the main aerospace construction metals and was used for German military aircraft as early as World War I and extensively for German aircraft in World War II.

 

·         Niche and illustrative uses of magnesium compounds Magnesium sulfate, as the heptahydrate called Epsom salts, is used as bath salts, as a laxative, and as a highly soluble fertilizer.

 

·         Magnesium deficiency in plants causes late-season yellowing between leaf veins, especially in older leaves, and can be corrected by applying Epsom salts (which is rapidly leached), or else crushed dolomitic limestone to the soil.

 

·         Serum magnesium levels may appear normal even in cases of underlying intracellular deficiency, although no known mechanism maintains a homeostatic level in the blood other than renal excretion of high blood levels.

 

·         Magnesium is capable of reducing water to the highly flammable hydrogen gas: As a result, water cannot be used to extinguish magnesium fires; the hydrogen gas produced will only intensify the fire.

 

————————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Posted by Henry at 1.21 | Comments Off
 
January 20th, 2012

Sodium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

 WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical  visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as  digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Sodium". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Sodium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Sodium

 

Sodium

 

Sodium (100)

 

·         Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride.

 

·         Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for soapmaking, and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient.

 

·         In animals, sodium ions are used against potassium ions to build up charges on cell membranes, allowing transmission of nerve impulses when the charge is dissipated; it is therefore classified as a dietary inorganic macro-mineral.

 

·         When sodium or its compounds are introduced into a flame, they turn it yellow, because the heat excites sodium atoms and moves their valence electrons from the 3s orbital to the 3p orbital; as those electrons fall back to 3s, they emit a photon with a wavelength corresponding to the D line at 589.3 nm.

 

·         Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the reduction of sodium ions requiring −2.71 volts; other alkali metals have more negative potentials.

 

·         Like all the alkali metals, it reacts exothermically with water, to the point that sufficiently large pieces melt to a sphere and then explode; this reaction produces caustic sodium hydroxide and flammable hydrogen gas.

 

·         The insolubility of certain sodium minerals such as cryolite and feldspar arises from their polymeric anions, which in the case of feldspar is a polysilicate.

 

·         The sodium compounds that are the most important are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3·5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O).

 

·         Like the other alkali metals, metallic sodium dissolves in ammonia and some other amines to give deeply coloured solutions.

 

·         The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.

 

·         The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published by Jцns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols, and is a contraction of the element's new Latin name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron, a natural mineral salt primarily made of hydrated sodium carbonate.

 

·         Although sodium, sometimes called soda, had long been recognised in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.

 

·         Metallic sodium was first produced commercially in 1855 by carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100 °C, in what is known as the Deville process: A related process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886.

 

·         Previous uses were for the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because applications for these chemicals were discontinued, the production of sodium declined after 1970.

 

·         Heat transfer Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some fast reactors, due to its high thermal conductivity and low neutron absorption cross section, which is required to achieve a high neutron flux; the high boiling point allows the reactor to operate at ambient pressure.

 

·         Sodium soaps are harder (higher melting) soaps than potassium soaps.

 

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Posted by Henry at 1.20 | Comments Off
 
January 19th, 2012

Neon: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Neon". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds. These are powerful visualization tools to speed up learning and comprehension. WikiSummarizer provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and it serves as powerful learning tool.

The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Neon" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Keyword Cloud – automatically generated by WikiSummarizer

The 10 keywords in the cloud are linked to Wikipedia Knowledge Base for additional references and exploration of the subjects.

 

 

 

Wikipedia article: Neon – Essential Summary

 

Neon

 

Neon (100)

 

· A colorless, inert noble gas under standard conditions, neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in either low-voltage neon glow lamps or in high-voltage discharge tubes or neon advertising signs.

· Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of the atmosphere until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off.

· Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for lighting along the lines of Moore tubes, which used nitrogen and which were commercialized in the early 1900s.

· After 1902, Georges Claude's company, Air Liquide, was producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air liquefaction business, and in December 1910 Claude demonstrated modern neon lighting based on a sealed tube of neon.

· Thomson eventually concluded that some of the atoms in the neon gas were of higher mass than the rest.

· The principal nuclear reactions which generate nucleogenic neon isotopes start from Mg and Mg, which produce Ne and Ne, respectively, after neutron capture and immediate emission of an alpha particle.

· Neon is actually abundant on a universal scale; it is the fifth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass, after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon (see chemical element).

· Liquefied neon is commercially used as a cryogenic refrigerant in applications not requiring the lower temperature range attainable with more extreme liquid helium refrigeration.

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Posted by Henry at 1.19 | Comments Off
 
December 9th, 2011

Fluorine: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Fluorine". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Fluorine" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Wikipedia article:  Fluorine

 

Fluorine

 

Fluorine (100)

 

·         At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic molecules, F2.

 

·         It was not until 1886 that elemental fluorine was obtained by French chemist Henri Moissan, whose method of electrolysis remains the only industrial production method of fluorine gas.

 

·         Fluorine forms stable compounds, fluorides, with all elements except helium and neon, for which the reaction has been attempted.

 

·         Heavier metal elements such as uranium can form volatile coordination compounds (separate molecules with several fluorine atoms surrounding a metal atom).

 

·         Fluorine occurs naturally on Earth exclusively in the form of its only stable isotope, fluorine-19, which makes the element both monoisotopic and mononuclidic.

 

·         All isotopes heavier than the stable fluorine-19 decay via beta minus decay (electron emission), for some isotopes possibly together with neutron emission.

 

·         Fluorine is so reactive that water, halogens, and most other substances, even generally nonreactive ones such as radon, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas.

 

·         Three minerals exist on earth that contain enough fluorine to be mined and used as industrial resources.

 

·         Fluorine exists in the −1 oxidation state in all compounds except for elemental fluorine, where the atoms are bonded to each other and thus at oxidation state 0.

 

·         Organofluorine compounds are synthesized via both direct reaction with fluorine gas, which can be dangerously reactive, or reaction with fluorinating reagents such as sulfur tetrafluoride.

 

·         The enzyme adenosyl-fluoride synthase is capable of biologically synthesizing the carbon–fluorine bond.

 

metals (100)

 

·         Most frequently, the metals must be in powder forms, because many metals form layers of fluoride on their surfaces that resist further oxidation.

 

fluoride (78)

 

·         Most frequently, the metals must be in powder forms, because many metals form layers of fluoride on their surfaces that resist further oxidation.

 

·         The most important is fluorite, which is used in smelting, construction, and the manufacture of hydrogen fluoride.

 

·         Due to the basicity of the fluoride ion, soluble fluorides give basic water solutions.

 

·         The enzyme adenosyl-fluoride synthase is capable of biologically synthesizing the carbon–fluorine bond.

 

elemental fluorine (64)

 

·         It was not until 1886 that elemental fluorine was obtained by French chemist Henri Moissan, whose method of electrolysis remains the only industrial production method of fluorine gas.

 

·         Fluorine exists in the −1 oxidation state in all compounds except for elemental fluorine, where the atoms are bonded to each other and thus at oxidation state 0.

 

gas (64)

 

·         At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic molecules, F2.

 

·         It was not until 1886 that elemental fluorine was obtained by French chemist Henri Moissan, whose method of electrolysis remains the only industrial production method of fluorine gas.

 

·         Fluorine is so reactive that water, halogens, and most other substances, even generally nonreactive ones such as radon, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas.

 

·         Tetrafluorides are the borderline: for example, zirconium tetrafluoride is an ionic solid, but germanium tetrafluoride is a molecular gas.

 

·         Organofluorine compounds are synthesized via both direct reaction with fluorine gas, which can be dangerously reactive, or reaction with fluorinating reagents such as sulfur tetrafluoride.

 

fluorine-19 (61)

 

·         Fluorine occurs naturally on Earth exclusively in the form of its only stable isotope, fluorine-19, which makes the element both monoisotopic and mononuclidic.

 

·         All isotopes heavier than the stable fluorine-19 decay via beta minus decay (electron emission), for some isotopes possibly together with neutron emission.

 

chemicals (61)

 

·         Inorganic fluorides and organofluorine compounds find use in a variety of materials and chemicals, including important pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, lubricants, and textiles.

 

molecules (54)

 

·         At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic molecules, F2.

 

·         Heavier metal elements such as uranium can form volatile coordination compounds (separate molecules with several fluorine atoms surrounding a metal atom).

 

·         The bond energy is similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds of hydrazines and significantly weaker than those of dichlorine or dibromine molecules.

 

acid (43)

 

·         Hydrofluoric acid, in contrast to other haloacids such as hydrochloric acid, is only a weak acid in water, but it is nonetheless extremely corrosive.

 

·         Andreas Sigismund Marggraf made the first recorded preparation of "fluoric acid" (hydrofluoric acid in modern nomenclature) in 1764, when he heated fluorite with sulfuric acid in glass, which was greatly corroded by the product.

 

minerals (41)

 

·         Three minerals exist on earth that contain enough fluorine to be mined and used as industrial resources.

 

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

 

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Posted by Henry at 12.9 | Comments Off
 
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