Chlorine: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Saturday, February 11th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Chlorine". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Chlorine" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

chloride sodium water Chlorine chlorine gas hydrochloric acid muriatic acid air acid oxide compounds

Essential Summary

Wikipedia article: Chlorine

Chlorine

Chlorine (100)

· It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements; for this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent.

· The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont.

· The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air," having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid.

· The great oxidizing potential of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as uses of an essential reagent in the chemical industry.

· As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary.

· Solutions of chlorine in water contain chlorine (Cl2), hydrochloric acid, and hypochlorous acid: This conversion to the right is called disproportionation, because the ingredient chlorine both increases and decreases in formal oxidation state.

· Like the other halogens, chlorine participates in free-radical substitution reactions with hydrogen-containing organic compounds.

· In the Earth's crust, chlorine is present at average concentrations of about 126 parts per million, predominantly in such minerals as halite (sodium chloride), sylvite (potassium chloride), and carnallite (potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate).

· Principal applications of chlorine are in the production of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: Context Discovery, mind map, Summarization, Visual Summary, Visualization, Wikipedia, WikiSummarizer
Posted by Henry | Comments Off

What educators say about WikiSummarizer

Saturday, January 28th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

Here are some comments about WikiSummarizer by bloggers writing about tools for education and learning .

1. Try the New Wiki Summarizer Features

"Last year I discovered Wiki Summarizer and almost immediately started sharing it in many of my presentations. Wiki Summarizer is a site that allows you to search Wikipedia, have articles summarized by key points, and provides lists of articles that are related to your original search. Wiki Summarizer now offers hyperlinked word clouds for every Wikipedia article."

Richard Byrne – Free Technology for Teachers

2. WikiSummarizer Adds Keyword Cloud

"If you have ever played around with Wordle then you know just how much fun it is to see the keywords from a website jump out at you- visually showing you the topics that have been covered. Wikisummarizer generated the Keyword Cloud very quickly and when I was done I copied the embed code that was supplied and pasted it into my blog for all of you to see."

by Brian Friedlander – Assistive Technology

3. Wiki Summarizer: A Google Wonder Wheel Substitute

"Called the WikiSummarizer this tool automatically generates outlines from Wikipedia articles on any topic. The result—much like the result of a Wonder Wheel search—-is a condensed list of important subtopics connected to a broader concept."

by Bill Ferriter – The Tempered Radical

4. WikiSummarizer Outlines Wikipedia

"WikiSummarizer is a site that allows you to search Wikipedia, have articles summarized by key points, and provides lists of articles that are related to your original search."

Richard Byrne – Free Technology for Teachers

5. WikiSummarizer as a tool for “learning on your own"

"WikiSummarizer, in combination with mind maps, has the astounding capacity to both guide your inductive intuition in a purely deductive way, and to help you synthesize huge bodies of bare facts and draw helpful conclusions."

by Michael Szostalo

6. Wiki Summarizer an easy way to outline Wikipedia

" WikiSummarizer automatically summarizes the Wikipedia articles. The program identifies the most important keywords and ranks them by relevancy. For each keyword the most significant sentences in the original text are presented to the reader."

Technology Bits Bytes & Nibbles!

7. WIKISUMMARIZER: Point Form Summary Of A Wikipedia Entry

"Today’s tool, WIKISUMMARIZER is amazing in many respects. It’s a computer program that scans a Wikipedia article, identifies the main points, then creates an outline with them. It does this by identifying the important keywords and ranks them by relevancy. That’s definitely a notch above number crunching or code execution."

John Goldsmith – DE Tools Editor

8. Key Words, Wiki Summarizer & College Reading

"Summarizer could be very useful in helping students identify key words – a skill that almost everyone in a reading class needs to improve. Key words pop out for skilled readers, and we often assume that they pop for everyone. Not so. Wiki Summarizer may provide a useful tool to help me with that."

toreadtowrite

9. WikiSummarizer is Great For Summarizing Wikipedia

"WikiSummarizer is great for long Wikipedia articles or getting the key points about a topic. Instead of reading the whole article you can just read the important parts. WikiSummarizer is perfect for accessing key points of information quickly."

Assistive Technology Blog

10. WikiSummarizer – Get The Best Wikipedia Results

"Wiki Summarizer is a great application for educators. We all know Wikipedia is a great resource for both teachers and students. It is probably the primary springboard for students online searches. With Wiki Summarizer , Wikipedia will have a another feel . It will enable them to get the best results all summarized in one page and accessible at the instance of a click. Their broad topics will now be narrowed down and so much time will be save."

Educational Technology and Mobile Learning

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About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: Keyword Cloud, keyword tool, Summarization, Visual Summary, Visualization, WikiSummarizer
Posted by Henry | Comments Off

Sulfur: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, January 26th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Sulfur". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Sulfur" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

carbon chemicals Sulfur elemental sulfur compounds minerals sulfide reducing agent sulfate acid

Essential Summary

Wikipedia article: Sulfur

Sulfur

Sulfur (100)

· Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.

· Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature.

· Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes.

· Many sulfur compounds are odiferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds.

· Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin.

· In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites contribute some sulfur.

· Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes have until recently been the basis for commercial production in the United States, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine.

· Today, sulfur is produced from petroleum, natural gas, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as hydrogen sulfide.

· This process entails oxidation of some hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and then the comproportionation of the two: Owing to the high sulfur content of the Athabasca Oil Sands, stockpiles of elemental sulfur from this process now exist throughout Alberta, Canada.

· Reduction of elemental sulfur gives polysulfides, which consist of chains of sulfur atoms terminated with S centers: This reaction highlights arguably the single most distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to catenate (bind to itself by formation of chains).

· Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing monoterpenoid grapefruit mercaptan in small concentrations is responsible for the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations.

· Being abundantly available in native form, sulfur (Latin sulphur) was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah (Genesis).

· Elemental sulfur is mainly used as a precursor to other chemicals.

· Reduced glutathione, a sulfur-containing tripeptide, is a reducing agent through its sulfhydryl (-SH) moiety derived from cysteine.

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: keyword tool, Summarization, Visual Summary, Wikipedia, WikiSummarizer
Posted by Henry | Comments Off

Phosphorus: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Wednesday, January 25th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Phosphorus". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Phosphorus" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

white phosphorus chemicals glow minerals Phosphorus phosphate phosphoric acid compounds elemental phosphorus phosphate rock

Essential Summary

Wikipedia article: Phosphorus

Phosphorus

Phosphorus (100)

· A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks.

· Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth.

· The first form of elemental phosphorus to be produced (white phosphorus, in 1669) emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen – hence its name given from Greek mythology, Φωσφόρος meaning "light-bearer" (Latin Lucifer), referring to the "Morning Star", the planet Venus.

· Although the term "phosphorescence", meaning glow after illumination, derives from this property of phosphorus, the glow of phosphorus originates from oxidation of the white (but not red) phosphorus and should be called chemiluminescence.

· The vast majority of phosphorus compounds are consumed as fertilizers.

· Today, the most important commercial use of phosphorus-based chemicals is the production of fertilizers, to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil.

· The two most common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus.

· White phosphorus and related molecular forms The most important form of elemental phosphorus from the perspective of applications and chemical literature is white phosphorus.

· In this sense, red phosphorus is not an allotrope, but rather an intermediate phase between the white and violet phosphorus, and most of its properties have a range of values.

· Phosphorus is not found free in nature, but it is widely distributed in many minerals, mainly phosphates.

· The white phosphorus is then oxidised to phosphoric acid and subsequently neutralised with base to give phosphate salts.

· Oxides The most prevalent compounds of phosphorus are derivatives of phosphate (PO4), a tetrahedral anion.

· In 1769 Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) is found in bones, and they obtained phosphorus from bone ash.

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: Context Discovery, Keyword Cloud, keyword tool, Summarization, Visualization, WikiSummarizer
Posted by Henry | Comments Off

Silicon: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Tuesday, January 24th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Silicon". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Silicon" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

chemicals pure silicate crust Silicon silica mass carbon metals silicon dioxide

Essential Summary

Wikipedia article: Silicon

Silicon

Silicon (100)

· Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery: silicon was first prepared and characterized in pure form in 1824, and given the name silicium (from Latin: silicis, flints), with an -ium word-ending to suggest a metal.

· It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates.

· Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.

· Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, and indeed often with little processing of compounds from nature.

· Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy.

· Although most free silicon is used in the steel refining, aluminum-casting, and fine chemical industries (often to make fumed silica), the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon that is used in semiconductor electronics (< 10%) is perhaps even more critical.

· Because of wide use of silicon in integrated circuits, the basis of most computers, a great deal of modern technology depends on it.

· Naturally occurring silicon is composed of three stable isotopes, silicon-28, silicon-29, and silicon-30, with silicon-28 being the most abundant (92% natural abundance).

· The most common decay mode of six isotopes with mass numbers lower than the most abundant stable isotope, silicon-28, is β+, primarily forming aluminium isotopes (13 protons) as decay products.

· Silicon is usually found in the form of complex silicate minerals, and less often as silicon dioxide (silica, a major component of common sand).

· The crystals have the empirical formula of silicon dioxide, but do not consist of separate silicon dioxide molecules in the manner of solid carbon dioxide.

· Ferrosilicon, an iron-silicon alloy that contains varying ratios of elemental silicon and iron, accounts for about 80% of the world's production of elemental silicon, with China, the leading supplier of elemental silicon, providing 4.6 million tonnes (or 2/3 of the world output) of silicon, most of which is in the form of ferrosilicon.

· It makes up about 20% of the world total elemental silicon production, with less than 1 to 2% of total elemental silicon (5–10% of metallurgical grade silicon) ever purified to higher grades for use in electronics.

· Silicon dihalides are formed by the high temperature reaction of tetrahalides and silicon; with a structure analogous to a carbene they are reactive compounds.

· Silicon dioxide is a high melting solid with a number of different crystal forms; the most familiar of which is the mineral quartz.

· Pure monocrystalline silicon is used to produce silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry, in electronics and in some high-cost and high-efficiency photovoltaic applications.

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: Keyword Cloud, mind map, Summarization, Visualization, WikiSummarizer
Posted by Henry | Comments Off

Sodium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Friday, January 20th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Sodium". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Sodium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

sodium hydroxide reaction salts Sodium water sodium chloride metals compounds pressure electrolysis

Essential Summary

Wikipedia article: Sodium

Sodium

Sodium (100)

· Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride.

· Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for soapmaking, and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient.

· In animals, sodium ions are used against potassium ions to build up charges on cell membranes, allowing transmission of nerve impulses when the charge is dissipated; it is therefore classified as a dietary inorganic macro-mineral.

· When sodium or its compounds are introduced into a flame, they turn it yellow, because the heat excites sodium atoms and moves their valence electrons from the 3s orbital to the 3p orbital; as those electrons fall back to 3s, they emit a photon with a wavelength corresponding to the D line at 589.3 nm.

· Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the reduction of sodium ions requiring −2.71 volts; other alkali metals have more negative potentials.

· Like all the alkali metals, it reacts exothermically with water, to the point that sufficiently large pieces melt to a sphere and then explode; this reaction produces caustic sodium hydroxide and flammable hydrogen gas.

· The insolubility of certain sodium minerals such as cryolite and feldspar arises from their polymeric anions, which in the case of feldspar is a polysilicate.

· The sodium compounds that are the most important are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3·5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O).

· Like the other alkali metals, metallic sodium dissolves in ammonia and some other amines to give deeply coloured solutions.

· The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.

· The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published by Jцns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols, and is a contraction of the element's new Latin name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron, a natural mineral salt primarily made of hydrated sodium carbonate.

· Although sodium, sometimes called soda, had long been recognised in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.

· Metallic sodium was first produced commercially in 1855 by carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100 °C, in what is known as the Deville process: A related process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886.

· Previous uses were for the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because applications for these chemicals were discontinued, the production of sodium declined after 1970.

· Heat transfer Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some fast reactors, due to its high thermal conductivity and low neutron absorption cross section, which is required to achieve a high neutron flux; the high boiling point allows the reactor to operate at ambient pressure.

· Sodium soaps are harder (higher melting) soaps than potassium soaps.

————————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: Information Overload, Keyword Cloud, Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Management, mind mapping, Summarization, text mining, Visualization, WikiSummarizer
Posted by Henry | Comments Off

Neon: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, January 19th, 2012

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Neon". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds. These are powerful visualization tools to speed up learning and comprehension. WikiSummarizer provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and it serves as powerful learning tool.

The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Neon" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

Keyword Cloud – automatically generated by WikiSummarizer

The 10 keywords in the cloud are linked to Wikipedia Knowledge Base for additional references and exploration of the subjects.

Neon tubes isotopes mass gas abundance nucleosynthesis helium liquid Earth

Wikipedia article: Neon – Essential Summary

Neon

Neon (100)

· A colorless, inert noble gas under standard conditions, neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in either low-voltage neon glow lamps or in high-voltage discharge tubes or neon advertising signs.

· Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of the atmosphere until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off.

· Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for lighting along the lines of Moore tubes, which used nitrogen and which were commercialized in the early 1900s.

· After 1902, Georges Claude's company, Air Liquide, was producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air liquefaction business, and in December 1910 Claude demonstrated modern neon lighting based on a sealed tube of neon.

· Thomson eventually concluded that some of the atoms in the neon gas were of higher mass than the rest.

· The principal nuclear reactions which generate nucleogenic neon isotopes start from Mg and Mg, which produce Ne and Ne, respectively, after neutron capture and immediate emission of an alpha particle.

· Neon is actually abundant on a universal scale; it is the fifth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass, after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon (see chemical element).

· Liquefied neon is commercially used as a cryogenic refrigerant in applications not requiring the lower temperature range attainable with more extreme liquid helium refrigeration.

————————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: Keyword Cloud, Knowledge Management, mind mapping, Summarization, Visual Summary, Visualization, Wikipedia
Posted by Henry | Comments Off

Fluorine: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Friday, December 9th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Fluorine". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Fluorine" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

Wikipedia article: Fluorine

Fluorine

Fluorine (100)

· At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic molecules, F2.

· It was not until 1886 that elemental fluorine was obtained by French chemist Henri Moissan, whose method of electrolysis remains the only industrial production method of fluorine gas.

· Fluorine forms stable compounds, fluorides, with all elements except helium and neon, for which the reaction has been attempted.

· Heavier metal elements such as uranium can form volatile coordination compounds (separate molecules with several fluorine atoms surrounding a metal atom).

· Fluorine occurs naturally on Earth exclusively in the form of its only stable isotope, fluorine-19, which makes the element both monoisotopic and mononuclidic.

· All isotopes heavier than the stable fluorine-19 decay via beta minus decay (electron emission), for some isotopes possibly together with neutron emission.

· Fluorine is so reactive that water, halogens, and most other substances, even generally nonreactive ones such as radon, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas.

· Three minerals exist on earth that contain enough fluorine to be mined and used as industrial resources.

· Fluorine exists in the −1 oxidation state in all compounds except for elemental fluorine, where the atoms are bonded to each other and thus at oxidation state 0.

· Organofluorine compounds are synthesized via both direct reaction with fluorine gas, which can be dangerously reactive, or reaction with fluorinating reagents such as sulfur tetrafluoride.

· The enzyme adenosyl-fluoride synthase is capable of biologically synthesizing the carbon–fluorine bond.

metals (100)

· Most frequently, the metals must be in powder forms, because many metals form layers of fluoride on their surfaces that resist further oxidation.

fluoride (78)

· Most frequently, the metals must be in powder forms, because many metals form layers of fluoride on their surfaces that resist further oxidation.

· The most important is fluorite, which is used in smelting, construction, and the manufacture of hydrogen fluoride.

· Due to the basicity of the fluoride ion, soluble fluorides give basic water solutions.

· The enzyme adenosyl-fluoride synthase is capable of biologically synthesizing the carbon–fluorine bond.

elemental fluorine (64)

· It was not until 1886 that elemental fluorine was obtained by French chemist Henri Moissan, whose method of electrolysis remains the only industrial production method of fluorine gas.

· Fluorine exists in the −1 oxidation state in all compounds except for elemental fluorine, where the atoms are bonded to each other and thus at oxidation state 0.

gas (64)

· At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic molecules, F2.

· It was not until 1886 that elemental fluorine was obtained by French chemist Henri Moissan, whose method of electrolysis remains the only industrial production method of fluorine gas.

· Fluorine is so reactive that water, halogens, and most other substances, even generally nonreactive ones such as radon, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas.

· Tetrafluorides are the borderline: for example, zirconium tetrafluoride is an ionic solid, but germanium tetrafluoride is a molecular gas.

· Organofluorine compounds are synthesized via both direct reaction with fluorine gas, which can be dangerously reactive, or reaction with fluorinating reagents such as sulfur tetrafluoride.

fluorine-19 (61)

· Fluorine occurs naturally on Earth exclusively in the form of its only stable isotope, fluorine-19, which makes the element both monoisotopic and mononuclidic.

· All isotopes heavier than the stable fluorine-19 decay via beta minus decay (electron emission), for some isotopes possibly together with neutron emission.

chemicals (61)

· Inorganic fluorides and organofluorine compounds find use in a variety of materials and chemicals, including important pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, lubricants, and textiles.

molecules (54)

· At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic molecules, F2.

· Heavier metal elements such as uranium can form volatile coordination compounds (separate molecules with several fluorine atoms surrounding a metal atom).

· The bond energy is similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds of hydrazines and significantly weaker than those of dichlorine or dibromine molecules.

acid (43)

· Hydrofluoric acid, in contrast to other haloacids such as hydrochloric acid, is only a weak acid in water, but it is nonetheless extremely corrosive.

· Andreas Sigismund Marggraf made the first recorded preparation of "fluoric acid" (hydrofluoric acid in modern nomenclature) in 1764, when he heated fluorite with sulfuric acid in glass, which was greatly corroded by the product.

minerals (41)

· Three minerals exist on earth that contain enough fluorine to be mined and used as industrial resources.

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: Context Discovery, Information Overload, keyword tool, Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Management, mind mapping, MindManager, Summarization, text mining, Visualization, WikiSummarizer
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What users are saying about WikiSummarizer

Monday, November 28th, 2011

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as a learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here are some comment from users about WikiSummarizer:

WikiSummarizer Cool Add in

"WikiSummarizer provides readers with essential points of an article quickly and with clarity – helping them realize key points with less effort."

Troy Larson – Mindjet Blog

WikiSummarizer: A Google Wonder Wheel Substitute

"Called the WikiSummarizer this tool automatically generates outlines from Wikipedia articles on any topic. The result—much like the result of a Wonder Wheel search—-is a condensed list of important subtopics connected to a broader concept."

Bill Ferriter – The Tempered Radical

WikiSummarizer Outlines Wikipedia

"WikiSummarizer is a site that allows you to search Wikipedia, have articles summarized by key points, and provides lists of articles that are related to your original search."

Richard Byrne – Free Technology for Teachers

Read Less, Learn More – WikiSummarizer

"The immediate benefit from a summary comes from a review of the keywords, giving the reader instant insight into the substance and meaning of the text. Further review of the extracted sentences adds to this initial insight."

Steve Rothwell – Peace of Mind Blog

Click on the image to see more references about WikiSummarizer.

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: Context Organizer, Information Overload, Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Management, mind mapping, Summarization, text mining, Visualization, Wikipedia, WikiSummarizer
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Oxygen: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Saturday, November 26th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Oxygen". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Oxygen" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

Wikipedia article: Oxygen

Oxygen

Oxygen (100)

· Oxygen ( /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/ ok-si-jin) is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) ("acid", literally "sharp", referring to the sour taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) ("producer", literally "begetter"), because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition.

· Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements.

· Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent and has the second highest electronegativity of all the elements (only fluorine has a higher electronegativity).

· By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust, making up almost half of the crust's mass.

· Free oxygen is too chemically reactive to appear on Earth without the photosynthetic action of living organisms, which use the energy of sunlight to produce elemental oxygen from water.

· Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere.

· The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion.

· Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites with pressure-cycling to concentrate oxygen from air, electrolysis of water and other means.

· At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

· Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

· The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere.

· Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygиne in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.

· In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen; and by 1811 Amedeo Avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called Avogadro's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules.

· Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.

· Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide.

gas (100)

· At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

· At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

· In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".

pressure (89)

· At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

· Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites with pressure-cycling to concentrate oxygen from air, electrolysis of water and other means.

· At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

· Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.

compounds (45)

· Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements.

· Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide.

acids (43)

· Oxygen ( /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/ ok-si-jin) is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) ("acid", literally "sharp", referring to the sour taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) ("producer", literally "begetter"), because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition.

· Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygиne in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.

oxide (40)

· In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".

mass (35)

· By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust, making up almost half of the crust's mass.

temperature (32)

· At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

· At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

air (31)

· Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites with pressure-cycling to concentrate oxygen from air, electrolysis of water and other means.

· In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".

· Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygиne in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.

atoms (24)

· At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

· At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Web pages and documents in English, French, Spanish, and German.

The summaries are stored in organizational knowledge library. Report writers, including web-based ones, can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Tags: Context Discovery, Information Overload, Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Management, mind mapping, Summarization, text mining, Visualization, Wikipedia, WikiSummarizer
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Posts Tagged ‘Summarization’

Chlorine (100)

· It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements; for this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent.

· The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont.

· The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air," having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid.

· The great oxidizing potential of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as uses of an essential reagent in the chemical industry.

· As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary.

· Solutions of chlorine in water contain chlorine (Cl2), hydrochloric acid, and hypochlorous acid: This conversion to the right is called disproportionation, because the ingredient chlorine both increases and decreases in formal oxidation state.

· Like the other halogens, chlorine participates in free-radical substitution reactions with hydrogen-containing organic compounds.

· In the Earth's crust, chlorine is present at average concentrations of about 126 parts per million, predominantly in such minerals as halite (sodium chloride), sylvite (potassium chloride), and carnallite (potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate).

· Principal applications of chlorine are in the production of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Sulfur (100)

· Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.

· Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature.

· Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes.

· Many sulfur compounds are odiferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds.

· Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin.

· In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites contribute some sulfur.

· Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes have until recently been the basis for commercial production in the United States, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine.

· Today, sulfur is produced from petroleum, natural gas, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as hydrogen sulfide.

· This process entails oxidation of some hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and then the comproportionation of the two: Owing to the high sulfur content of the Athabasca Oil Sands, stockpiles of elemental sulfur from this process now exist throughout Alberta, Canada.

· Reduction of elemental sulfur gives polysulfides, which consist of chains of sulfur atoms terminated with S centers: This reaction highlights arguably the single most distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to catenate (bind to itself by formation of chains).

· Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing monoterpenoid grapefruit mercaptan in small concentrations is responsible for the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations.

· Being abundantly available in native form, sulfur (Latin sulphur) was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah (Genesis).

· Elemental sulfur is mainly used as a precursor to other chemicals.

· Reduced glutathione, a sulfur-containing tripeptide, is a reducing agent through its sulfhydryl (-SH) moiety derived from cysteine.

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Phosphorus (100)

· A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks.

· Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth.

· The first form of elemental phosphorus to be produced (white phosphorus, in 1669) emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen – hence its name given from Greek mythology, Φωσφόρος meaning "light-bearer" (Latin Lucifer), referring to the "Morning Star", the planet Venus.

· Although the term "phosphorescence", meaning glow after illumination, derives from this property of phosphorus, the glow of phosphorus originates from oxidation of the white (but not red) phosphorus and should be called chemiluminescence.

· The vast majority of phosphorus compounds are consumed as fertilizers.

· Today, the most important commercial use of phosphorus-based chemicals is the production of fertilizers, to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil.

· The two most common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus.

· White phosphorus and related molecular forms The most important form of elemental phosphorus from the perspective of applications and chemical literature is white phosphorus.

· In this sense, red phosphorus is not an allotrope, but rather an intermediate phase between the white and violet phosphorus, and most of its properties have a range of values.

· Phosphorus is not found free in nature, but it is widely distributed in many minerals, mainly phosphates.

· The white phosphorus is then oxidised to phosphoric acid and subsequently neutralised with base to give phosphate salts.

· Oxides The most prevalent compounds of phosphorus are derivatives of phosphate (PO4), a tetrahedral anion.

· In 1769 Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) is found in bones, and they obtained phosphorus from bone ash.

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Silicon (100)

· Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery: silicon was first prepared and characterized in pure form in 1824, and given the name silicium (from Latin: silicis, flints), with an -ium word-ending to suggest a metal.

· It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates.

· Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.

· Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, and indeed often with little processing of compounds from nature.

· Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy.

· Although most free silicon is used in the steel refining, aluminum-casting, and fine chemical industries (often to make fumed silica), the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon that is used in semiconductor electronics (< 10%) is perhaps even more critical.

· Because of wide use of silicon in integrated circuits, the basis of most computers, a great deal of modern technology depends on it.

· Naturally occurring silicon is composed of three stable isotopes, silicon-28, silicon-29, and silicon-30, with silicon-28 being the most abundant (92% natural abundance).

· The most common decay mode of six isotopes with mass numbers lower than the most abundant stable isotope, silicon-28, is β+, primarily forming aluminium isotopes (13 protons) as decay products.

· Silicon is usually found in the form of complex silicate minerals, and less often as silicon dioxide (silica, a major component of common sand).

· The crystals have the empirical formula of silicon dioxide, but do not consist of separate silicon dioxide molecules in the manner of solid carbon dioxide.

· It makes up about 20% of the world total elemental silicon production, with less than 1 to 2% of total elemental silicon (5–10% of metallurgical grade silicon) ever purified to higher grades for use in electronics.

· Silicon dihalides are formed by the high temperature reaction of tetrahalides and silicon; with a structure analogous to a carbene they are reactive compounds.

· Silicon dioxide is a high melting solid with a number of different crystal forms; the most familiar of which is the mineral quartz.

· Pure monocrystalline silicon is used to produce silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry, in electronics and in some high-cost and high-efficiency photovoltaic applications.

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

Essential Summary

Sodium (100)

· Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride.

· Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for soapmaking, and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient.

· In animals, sodium ions are used against potassium ions to build up charges on cell membranes, allowing transmission of nerve impulses when the charge is dissipated; it is therefore classified as a dietary inorganic macro-mineral.

· Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the reduction of sodium ions requiring −2.71 volts; other alkali metals have more negative potentials.

· Like all the alkali metals, it reacts exothermically with water, to the point that sufficiently large pieces melt to a sphere and then explode; this reaction produces caustic sodium hydroxide and flammable hydrogen gas.

· The insolubility of certain sodium minerals such as cryolite and feldspar arises from their polymeric anions, which in the case of feldspar is a polysilicate.

· The sodium compounds that are the most important are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3·5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O).

· Like the other alkali metals, metallic sodium dissolves in ammonia and some other amines to give deeply coloured solutions.

· The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.