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Aluminium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Sunday, January 22nd, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Aluminium". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Aluminium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Aluminium

 

Aluminium

 

Aluminium (100)

 

·         Aluminium ( /ˌжljuːˈmɪniəm/ a-lew-mi-nee-əm) or aluminum (US English) ( /ˌəlˈuːmɪnəm/, ə-loo-mi-nəm) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements.

 

·         Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust.

 

·         Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation.

 

·         Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials.

 

·         The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.

 

·         Because of their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.

 

·         Corrosion resistance can be excellent due to a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation.

 

·         Aluminium is one of the few metals that retain full silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of silver-colored paints.

 

·         Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea and Chen et al. (2011) have proposed a theory of its origin as resulting by reduction from tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH)4 to metallic aluminium by bacteria.

 

·         Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite (AlOx(OH)3–2x).

 

·         For example, direct reduction with carbon, as is used to produce iron, is not chemically possible because aluminium is a stronger reducing agent than carbon.

 

·         The electrolytic process replaced the Wцhler process, which involved the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium.

 

·         Both of the electrodes used in the electrolysis of aluminium oxide are carbon.

 

·         Oxide and hydroxides Aluminium forms one stable oxide, known by its mineral name corundum.

 

·         The important aluminium hydride is lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), which is used in as a reducing agent in organic chemistry.

 

·         In 1926, the American Chemical Society officially decided to use aluminum in its publications; American dictionaries typically label the spelling aluminium as a British variant.

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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Posted by Henry | Comments Off

Magnesium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Saturday, January 21st, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Magnesium". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Magnesium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

  

Essential Summary

 Wikipedia article:  Magnesium

 

Magnesium

 

Magnesium (100)

 

·         Magnesium is the fourth most common element in the Earth as a whole (behind iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of planet's mantle.

 

·         The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei).

 

·         Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.

 

·         It tarnishes slightly when exposed to air, although unlike the alkali metals, storage in an oxygen-free environment is unnecessary because magnesium is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly impermeable and difficult to remove.

 

·         Like its lower periodic table group neighbor calcium, magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium.

 

·         Once ignited, it is difficult to extinguish, being able to burn in nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), carbon dioxide (forming magnesium oxide and carbon) and water (forming magnesium oxide and hydrogen).

 

·         Magnesium compounds are typically white crystals.

 

·         Small amounts of dissolved magnesium ion contribute to the tartness and taste of natural waters.

 

·         Magnesium ion in large amounts is an ionic laxative, and magnesium sulfate (common name: Epsom salt) is sometimes used for this purpose.

 

·         So-called "milk of magnesia" is a water suspension of one of the few insoluble magnesium compounds, magnesium hydroxide.

 

·         Magnesium hydroxide (brucite) is insoluble in water so it can be filtered out, and reacted with hydrochloric acid to obtain concentrated magnesium chloride.

 

·         The main applications of magnesium are, in order: component of aluminium alloys, in die-casting (alloyed with zinc), to remove sulfur in the production of iron and steel, the production of titanium in the Kroll process.

 

·         Specialty, high-grade car wheels of magnesium alloy are called "mag wheels", although the term is often more broadly misapplied to include aluminum wheels.

 

·         Historically, magnesium was one of the main aerospace construction metals and was used for German military aircraft as early as World War I and extensively for German aircraft in World War II.

 

·         Niche and illustrative uses of magnesium compounds Magnesium sulfate, as the heptahydrate called Epsom salts, is used as bath salts, as a laxative, and as a highly soluble fertilizer.

 

·         Magnesium deficiency in plants causes late-season yellowing between leaf veins, especially in older leaves, and can be corrected by applying Epsom salts (which is rapidly leached), or else crushed dolomitic limestone to the soil.

 

·         Serum magnesium levels may appear normal even in cases of underlying intracellular deficiency, although no known mechanism maintains a homeostatic level in the blood other than renal excretion of high blood levels.

 

·         Magnesium is capable of reducing water to the highly flammable hydrogen gas: As a result, water cannot be used to extinguish magnesium fires; the hydrogen gas produced will only intensify the fire.

 

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Sodium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Friday, January 20th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

 WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical  visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as  digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Sodium". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Sodium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Sodium

 

Sodium

 

Sodium (100)

 

·         Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride.

 

·         Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for soapmaking, and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient.

 

·         In animals, sodium ions are used against potassium ions to build up charges on cell membranes, allowing transmission of nerve impulses when the charge is dissipated; it is therefore classified as a dietary inorganic macro-mineral.

 

·         When sodium or its compounds are introduced into a flame, they turn it yellow, because the heat excites sodium atoms and moves their valence electrons from the 3s orbital to the 3p orbital; as those electrons fall back to 3s, they emit a photon with a wavelength corresponding to the D line at 589.3 nm.

 

·         Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the reduction of sodium ions requiring −2.71 volts; other alkali metals have more negative potentials.

 

·         Like all the alkali metals, it reacts exothermically with water, to the point that sufficiently large pieces melt to a sphere and then explode; this reaction produces caustic sodium hydroxide and flammable hydrogen gas.

 

·         The insolubility of certain sodium minerals such as cryolite and feldspar arises from their polymeric anions, which in the case of feldspar is a polysilicate.

 

·         The sodium compounds that are the most important are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3·5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O).

 

·         Like the other alkali metals, metallic sodium dissolves in ammonia and some other amines to give deeply coloured solutions.

 

·         The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.

 

·         The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published by Jцns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols, and is a contraction of the element's new Latin name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron, a natural mineral salt primarily made of hydrated sodium carbonate.

 

·         Although sodium, sometimes called soda, had long been recognised in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.

 

·         Metallic sodium was first produced commercially in 1855 by carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100 °C, in what is known as the Deville process: A related process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886.

 

·         Previous uses were for the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because applications for these chemicals were discontinued, the production of sodium declined after 1970.

 

·         Heat transfer Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some fast reactors, due to its high thermal conductivity and low neutron absorption cross section, which is required to achieve a high neutron flux; the high boiling point allows the reactor to operate at ambient pressure.

 

·         Sodium soaps are harder (higher melting) soaps than potassium soaps.

 

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Posted by Henry | Comments Off

Fluorine: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Friday, December 9th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Fluorine". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Fluorine" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Wikipedia article:  Fluorine

 

Fluorine

 

Fluorine (100)

 

·         At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic molecules, F2.

 

·         It was not until 1886 that elemental fluorine was obtained by French chemist Henri Moissan, whose method of electrolysis remains the only industrial production method of fluorine gas.

 

·         Fluorine forms stable compounds, fluorides, with all elements except helium and neon, for which the reaction has been attempted.

 

·         Heavier metal elements such as uranium can form volatile coordination compounds (separate molecules with several fluorine atoms surrounding a metal atom).

 

·         Fluorine occurs naturally on Earth exclusively in the form of its only stable isotope, fluorine-19, which makes the element both monoisotopic and mononuclidic.

 

·         All isotopes heavier than the stable fluorine-19 decay via beta minus decay (electron emission), for some isotopes possibly together with neutron emission.

 

·         Fluorine is so reactive that water, halogens, and most other substances, even generally nonreactive ones such as radon, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas.

 

·         Three minerals exist on earth that contain enough fluorine to be mined and used as industrial resources.

 

·         Fluorine exists in the −1 oxidation state in all compounds except for elemental fluorine, where the atoms are bonded to each other and thus at oxidation state 0.

 

·         Organofluorine compounds are synthesized via both direct reaction with fluorine gas, which can be dangerously reactive, or reaction with fluorinating reagents such as sulfur tetrafluoride.

 

·         The enzyme adenosyl-fluoride synthase is capable of biologically synthesizing the carbon–fluorine bond.

 

metals (100)

 

·         Most frequently, the metals must be in powder forms, because many metals form layers of fluoride on their surfaces that resist further oxidation.

 

fluoride (78)

 

·         Most frequently, the metals must be in powder forms, because many metals form layers of fluoride on their surfaces that resist further oxidation.

 

·         The most important is fluorite, which is used in smelting, construction, and the manufacture of hydrogen fluoride.

 

·         Due to the basicity of the fluoride ion, soluble fluorides give basic water solutions.

 

·         The enzyme adenosyl-fluoride synthase is capable of biologically synthesizing the carbon–fluorine bond.

 

elemental fluorine (64)

 

·         It was not until 1886 that elemental fluorine was obtained by French chemist Henri Moissan, whose method of electrolysis remains the only industrial production method of fluorine gas.

 

·         Fluorine exists in the −1 oxidation state in all compounds except for elemental fluorine, where the atoms are bonded to each other and thus at oxidation state 0.

 

gas (64)

 

·         At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic molecules, F2.

 

·         It was not until 1886 that elemental fluorine was obtained by French chemist Henri Moissan, whose method of electrolysis remains the only industrial production method of fluorine gas.

 

·         Fluorine is so reactive that water, halogens, and most other substances, even generally nonreactive ones such as radon, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas.

 

·         Tetrafluorides are the borderline: for example, zirconium tetrafluoride is an ionic solid, but germanium tetrafluoride is a molecular gas.

 

·         Organofluorine compounds are synthesized via both direct reaction with fluorine gas, which can be dangerously reactive, or reaction with fluorinating reagents such as sulfur tetrafluoride.

 

fluorine-19 (61)

 

·         Fluorine occurs naturally on Earth exclusively in the form of its only stable isotope, fluorine-19, which makes the element both monoisotopic and mononuclidic.

 

·         All isotopes heavier than the stable fluorine-19 decay via beta minus decay (electron emission), for some isotopes possibly together with neutron emission.

 

chemicals (61)

 

·         Inorganic fluorides and organofluorine compounds find use in a variety of materials and chemicals, including important pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, lubricants, and textiles.

 

molecules (54)

 

·         At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic molecules, F2.

 

·         Heavier metal elements such as uranium can form volatile coordination compounds (separate molecules with several fluorine atoms surrounding a metal atom).

 

·         The bond energy is similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds of hydrazines and significantly weaker than those of dichlorine or dibromine molecules.

 

acid (43)

 

·         Hydrofluoric acid, in contrast to other haloacids such as hydrochloric acid, is only a weak acid in water, but it is nonetheless extremely corrosive.

 

·         Andreas Sigismund Marggraf made the first recorded preparation of "fluoric acid" (hydrofluoric acid in modern nomenclature) in 1764, when he heated fluorite with sulfuric acid in glass, which was greatly corroded by the product.

 

minerals (41)

 

·         Three minerals exist on earth that contain enough fluorine to be mined and used as industrial resources.

 

————————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

 

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What users are saying about WikiSummarizer

Monday, November 28th, 2011

 

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as a  learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here are some comment from users about WikiSummarizer:

WikiSummarizer Cool Add in

 "WikiSummarizer provides readers with essential points of an article quickly and with clarity – helping them realize key points with less effort."

  Troy Larson – Mindjet Blog

 

 WikiSummarizer: A Google Wonder Wheel Substitute

 "Called the WikiSummarizer this tool automatically generates outlines from Wikipedia articles on any topic. The result—much like the result of a Wonder Wheel search—-is a condensed list of important subtopics connected to a broader concept."

 Bill Ferriter – The Tempered Radical

 

WikiSummarizer Outlines Wikipedia

 "WikiSummarizer is a site that allows you to search Wikipedia, have articles summarized by key points, and provides lists of articles that are related to your original search."

 Richard Byrne – Free Technology for Teachers

 

 Read Less, Learn More – WikiSummarizer

 "The immediate benefit from a summary comes from a review of the keywords, giving the reader instant insight into the substance and meaning of the text. Further review of the extracted sentences adds to this initial insight."

 Steve Rothwell – Peace of Mind Blog

 

Click on the image to see more references about WikiSummarizer.

 

 

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

 

 

 

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Oxygen: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Saturday, November 26th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Oxygen". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Oxygen" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Wikipedia article:  Oxygen

 

Oxygen

 

Oxygen (100)

 

·         Oxygen ( /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/ ok-si-jin) is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) ("acid", literally "sharp", referring to the sour taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) ("producer", literally "begetter"), because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition.

 

·         Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements.

 

·         Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent and has the second highest electronegativity of all the elements (only fluorine has a higher electronegativity).

 

·         By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust, making up almost half of the crust's mass.

 

·         Free oxygen is too chemically reactive to appear on Earth without the photosynthetic action of living organisms, which use the energy of sunlight to produce elemental oxygen from water.

 

·         Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere.

 

·         The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion.

 

·         Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites with pressure-cycling to concentrate oxygen from air, electrolysis of water and other means.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

 

·         Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

 

·         The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere.

 

·         Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygиne in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.

 

·         In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen; and by 1811 Amedeo Avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called Avogadro's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules.

 

·         Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.

 

·         Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide.

 

gas (100)

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

 

·         In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".

 

pressure (89)

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

 

·         Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites with pressure-cycling to concentrate oxygen from air, electrolysis of water and other means.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

 

·         Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.

 

compounds (45)

 

·         Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements.

 

·         Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide.

 

acids (43)

 

·         Oxygen ( /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/ ok-si-jin) is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) ("acid", literally "sharp", referring to the sour taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) ("producer", literally "begetter"), because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition.

 

·         Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygиne in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.

 

oxide (40)

 

·         In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".

 

mass (35)

 

·         By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust, making up almost half of the crust's mass.

 

temperature (32)

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

 

air (31)

 

·         Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites with pressure-cycling to concentrate oxygen from air, electrolysis of water and other means.

 

·         In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".

 

·         Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygиne in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.

 

atoms (24)

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

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Boron: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Friday, October 28th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Boron". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

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Wikipedia article:  Boron

 

 

Boron (100)

 

·         Boron is a metalloid.

 

·         However, boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals.

 

·         Chemically uncombined boron is not found naturally on Earth.

 

·         Industrially, very pure isolated boron is produced with difficulty, as boron tends to form refractory materials containing small amounts of carbon or other elements.

 

·         Several allotropes of boron exist: amorphous boron is a brown powder and crystalline boron is black, extremely hard (about 9.5 on Mohs' scale), and a poor conductor at room temperature.

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Beryllium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, October 27th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Beryllium". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

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Wikipedia article:  Beryllium

 

Beryllium

 

Beryllium (100)

 

·         Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl.

 

·         Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments.

 

·         The high thermal conductivity of beryllium and beryllium oxide have led to their use in heat transport and heat sinking applications.

 

·         Beryllium has exceptional flexural rigidity (Young's modulus 287 GPa) and a reasonably high melting point.

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Lithium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Wednesday, October 26th, 2011

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Here are the 10 most important keywords and summaries in the Wikipedia article describing "Lithium"

 

Wikipedia article:  Lithium

 

Lithium

 

Lithium (100)

 

·         Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable.

 

·         When cut open, lithium exhibits a metallic luster, but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black, tarnish.

 

·         Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs free in nature, and instead, only appears in compounds, which are usually ionic.

 

·         Lithium occurs in a number of pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines and clays. (more…)

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Helium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Tuesday, October 25th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Helium". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

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Here are the 10 most important keywords and summaries in the Wikipedia article describing "Helium"

 

Wikipedia article:  Helium

 

Helium

 

Helium (100)

 

·         Helium is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant element in the observable universe, being present at about 24% of the total elemental mass, which is more than 12 times the mass of all the heavier elements combined.

 

·         This is due to the very high binding energy (per nucleon) of helium-4 with respect to the next three elements after helium.

 

·         In 1903, large reserves of helium were found in natural gas fields in parts of the United States, which is by far the largest supplier of the gas today.

 

·         Helium is used in cryogenics (its largest single use, absorbing about a quarter of production), particularly in the cooling of superconducting magnets, with the main commercial application being in MRI scanners.

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