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Chlorine: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Saturday, February 11th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Chlorine". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Chlorine" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Chlorine

 

Chlorine

 

Chlorine (100)

 

·         It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements; for this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent.

 

·         The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont.

 

·         The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air," having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid.

 

·         The great oxidizing potential of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as uses of an essential reagent in the chemical industry.

 

·         As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary.

 

·         Solutions of chlorine in water contain chlorine (Cl2), hydrochloric acid, and hypochlorous acid: This conversion to the right is called disproportionation, because the ingredient chlorine both increases and decreases in formal oxidation state.

 

·         Like the other halogens, chlorine participates in free-radical substitution reactions with hydrogen-containing organic compounds.

 

·         In the Earth's crust, chlorine is present at average concentrations of about 126 parts per million, predominantly in such minerals as halite (sodium chloride), sylvite (potassium chloride), and carnallite (potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate).

 

·         Principal applications of chlorine are in the production of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

 

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· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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What educators say about WikiSummarizer

Saturday, January 28th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

 Here are some comments about WikiSummarizer by bloggers writing about tools for education and learning .  

 

1.   Try the New Wiki Summarizer Features

"Last year I discovered Wiki Summarizer and almost immediately started sharing it in many of my presentations. Wiki Summarizer is a site that allows you to search Wikipedia, have articles summarized by key points, and provides lists of articles that are related to your original search. Wiki Summarizer now offers hyperlinked word clouds for every Wikipedia article."

 

Richard Byrne – Free Technology for Teachers

 2.   WikiSummarizer Adds Keyword Cloud  

 

"If you have ever played around with Wordle then you know just how much fun it is to see the keywords from a website jump out at you- visually showing you the topics that have been covered. Wikisummarizer generated the Keyword Cloud very quickly and when I was done I copied the embed code that was supplied and pasted it into my blog for all of you to see."

by Brian Friedlander – Assistive Technology

 3.   Wiki Summarizer: A Google Wonder Wheel Substitute

"Called the WikiSummarizer this tool automatically generates outlines from Wikipedia articles on any topic. The result—much like the result of a Wonder Wheel search—-is a condensed list of important subtopics connected to a broader concept."

 

by Bill Ferriter – The Tempered Radical

4.   WikiSummarizer Outlines Wikipedia

"WikiSummarizer is a site that allows you to search Wikipedia, have articles summarized by key points, and provides lists of articles that are related to your original search."

 

Richard Byrne – Free Technology for Teachers

 5.   WikiSummarizer as a tool for “learning on your own"

 

"WikiSummarizer, in combination with mind maps, has the astounding capacity to both guide your inductive intuition in a purely deductive way, and to help you synthesize huge bodies of bare facts and draw helpful conclusions."

 

by Michael Szostalo

 6. Wiki Summarizer an easy way to outline Wikipedia

" WikiSummarizer automatically summarizes the Wikipedia articles. The program identifies the most important keywords and ranks them by relevancy. For each keyword the most significant sentences in the original text are presented to the reader."

 

 Technology Bits Bytes & Nibbles!

 7. WIKISUMMARIZER: Point Form Summary Of A Wikipedia Entry

"Today’s tool, WIKISUMMARIZER is amaz­ing in many respects. It’s a com­puter pro­gram that scans a Wikipedia arti­cle, iden­ti­fies the main points, then cre­ates an out­line with them. It does this by iden­ti­fy­ing the impor­tant key­words and ranks them by rel­e­vancy. That’s def­i­nitely a notch above num­ber crunch­ing or code execution."

 

John Goldsmith – DE Tools Editor

 8. Key Words, Wiki Summarizer & College Reading

"Summarizer could be very useful in helping students identify key words – a skill that almost everyone in a reading class needs to improve. Key words pop out for skilled readers, and we often assume that they pop for everyone. Not so.  Wiki Summarizer may provide a useful tool to help me with that."

 

toreadtowrite

 9. WikiSummarizer is Great For Summarizing Wikipedia

"WikiSummarizer is great for long Wikipedia articles or getting the key points about a topic. Instead of reading the whole article you can just read the important parts. WikiSummarizer is perfect for accessing key points of information quickly."

 

Assistive Technology Blog

 10. WikiSummarizer – Get The Best Wikipedia Results 

"Wiki Summarizer is a great application for educators. We all know Wikipedia is a great resource for both teachers and students. It is probably the primary springboard for students online searches. With Wiki Summarizer , Wikipedia will have a another feel . It will enable them to get the best results all summarized in one page and accessible at the instance of a click. Their broad topics will now be narrowed down and so much time will be save."

 

Educational Technology and Mobile Learning

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About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Sulfur: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, January 26th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Sulfur". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Sulfur" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

Wikipedia article:  Sulfur

 

Sulfur

 

Sulfur (100)

 

·         Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.

 

·         Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature.

 

·         Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes.

 

·         Many sulfur compounds are odiferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds.

 

·         Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin.

 

·         In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites contribute some sulfur.

 

·         Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes have until recently been the basis for commercial production in the United States, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine.

 

·         Today, sulfur is produced from petroleum, natural gas, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as hydrogen sulfide.

 

·         This process entails oxidation of some hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and then the comproportionation of the two: Owing to the high sulfur content of the Athabasca Oil Sands, stockpiles of elemental sulfur from this process now exist throughout Alberta, Canada.

 

·         Reduction of elemental sulfur gives polysulfides, which consist of chains of sulfur atoms terminated with S centers: This reaction highlights arguably the single most distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to catenate (bind to itself by formation of chains).

 

·         Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing monoterpenoid grapefruit mercaptan in small concentrations is responsible for the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations.

 

·         Being abundantly available in native form, sulfur (Latin sulphur) was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah (Genesis).

 

·         Elemental sulfur is mainly used as a precursor to other chemicals.

 

·         Reduced glutathione, a sulfur-containing tripeptide, is a reducing agent through its sulfhydryl (-SH) moiety derived from cysteine.

 

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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Aluminium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Sunday, January 22nd, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Aluminium". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Aluminium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Aluminium

 

Aluminium

 

Aluminium (100)

 

·         Aluminium ( /ˌжljuːˈmɪniəm/ a-lew-mi-nee-əm) or aluminum (US English) ( /ˌəlˈuːmɪnəm/, ə-loo-mi-nəm) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements.

 

·         Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust.

 

·         Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation.

 

·         Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials.

 

·         The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.

 

·         Because of their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.

 

·         Corrosion resistance can be excellent due to a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation.

 

·         Aluminium is one of the few metals that retain full silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of silver-colored paints.

 

·         Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea and Chen et al. (2011) have proposed a theory of its origin as resulting by reduction from tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH)4 to metallic aluminium by bacteria.

 

·         Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite (AlOx(OH)3–2x).

 

·         For example, direct reduction with carbon, as is used to produce iron, is not chemically possible because aluminium is a stronger reducing agent than carbon.

 

·         The electrolytic process replaced the Wцhler process, which involved the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium.

 

·         Both of the electrodes used in the electrolysis of aluminium oxide are carbon.

 

·         Oxide and hydroxides Aluminium forms one stable oxide, known by its mineral name corundum.

 

·         The important aluminium hydride is lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), which is used in as a reducing agent in organic chemistry.

 

·         In 1926, the American Chemical Society officially decided to use aluminum in its publications; American dictionaries typically label the spelling aluminium as a British variant.

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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Neon: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, January 19th, 2012

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Neon". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds. These are powerful visualization tools to speed up learning and comprehension. WikiSummarizer provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and it serves as powerful learning tool.

The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Neon" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Keyword Cloud – automatically generated by WikiSummarizer

The 10 keywords in the cloud are linked to Wikipedia Knowledge Base for additional references and exploration of the subjects.

 

 

 

Wikipedia article: Neon – Essential Summary

 

Neon

 

Neon (100)

 

· A colorless, inert noble gas under standard conditions, neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in either low-voltage neon glow lamps or in high-voltage discharge tubes or neon advertising signs.

· Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of the atmosphere until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off.

· Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for lighting along the lines of Moore tubes, which used nitrogen and which were commercialized in the early 1900s.

· After 1902, Georges Claude's company, Air Liquide, was producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air liquefaction business, and in December 1910 Claude demonstrated modern neon lighting based on a sealed tube of neon.

· Thomson eventually concluded that some of the atoms in the neon gas were of higher mass than the rest.

· The principal nuclear reactions which generate nucleogenic neon isotopes start from Mg and Mg, which produce Ne and Ne, respectively, after neutron capture and immediate emission of an alpha particle.

· Neon is actually abundant on a universal scale; it is the fifth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass, after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon (see chemical element).

· Liquefied neon is commercially used as a cryogenic refrigerant in applications not requiring the lower temperature range attainable with more extreme liquid helium refrigeration.

 ————————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Nitrogen: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, November 10th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Nitrogen". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Nitrogen" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

 

Wikipedia article:  Nitrogen

 

Nitrogen

 

Nitrogen (100)

 

·         Nitrogen ( /ˈnaɪtrɵdʒɨn/ ny-trə-jin) is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u.

 

·         Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere.

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

·         The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N2 into useful compounds, but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas.

 

·         Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.

 

·         Nitrogen is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air.

 

·         Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen gas is the essential part of nitric acid, in turn formed from saltpetre (potassium nitrate), then known as nitre.

 

·         Other classes of nitrogen anions (negatively charged ions) are the poisonous azides (N− 3), which are linear and isoelectronic to carbon dioxide, but which bind to important iron-containing enzymes in the body in a manner more resembling cyanide.

 

·         Other notable nitrogen-containing drugs are drugs derived from plant alkaloids, such as morphine (there exist many alkaloids known to have pharmacological effects; in some cases, they appear natural chemical defenses of plants against predation).

 

compounds (100)

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

·         The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N2 into useful compounds, but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas.

 

·         Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.

 

nitric acid (92)

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

·         Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen gas is the essential part of nitric acid, in turn formed from saltpetre (potassium nitrate), then known as nitre.

 

atmosphere (85)

 

·         Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere.

 

·         Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.

 

nitrate (82)

 

·         Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen gas is the essential part of nitric acid, in turn formed from saltpetre (potassium nitrate), then known as nitre.

 

nitrogen gas (64)

 

·         The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N2 into useful compounds, but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas.

 

·         Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen gas is the essential part of nitric acid, in turn formed from saltpetre (potassium nitrate), then known as nitre.

 

air (60)

 

·         Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.

 

·         Nitrogen is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air.

 

·         The production of electronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits Dried and pressurized, as a dielectric gas for high-voltage equipment The manufacturing of stainless steel Used in military aircraft fuel systems to reduce fire hazard, (see inerting system) On top of liquid explosives as a safety measure Filling automotive and aircraft tires due to its inertness and lack of moisture or oxidative qualities, as opposed to air.

 

explosives (46)

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

·         The production of electronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits Dried and pressurized, as a dielectric gas for high-voltage equipment The manufacturing of stainless steel Used in military aircraft fuel systems to reduce fire hazard, (see inerting system) On top of liquid explosives as a safety measure Filling automotive and aircraft tires due to its inertness and lack of moisture or oxidative qualities, as opposed to air.

 

ammonia (39)

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

decay (28)

 

·         The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N2 into useful compounds, but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas.

 

————————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Web pages and documents in English, French, Spanish, and German.

The summaries are stored in organizational knowledge library. Report writers, including web-based ones, can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Boron: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Friday, October 28th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Boron". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Boron" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

Wikipedia article:  Boron

 

 

Boron (100)

 

·         Boron is a metalloid.

 

·         However, boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals.

 

·         Chemically uncombined boron is not found naturally on Earth.

 

·         Industrially, very pure isolated boron is produced with difficulty, as boron tends to form refractory materials containing small amounts of carbon or other elements.

 

·         Several allotropes of boron exist: amorphous boron is a brown powder and crystalline boron is black, extremely hard (about 9.5 on Mohs' scale), and a poor conductor at room temperature.

(more…)

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Beryllium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, October 27th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Beryllium". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Beryllium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Wikipedia article:  Beryllium

 

Beryllium

 

Beryllium (100)

 

·         Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl.

 

·         Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments.

 

·         The high thermal conductivity of beryllium and beryllium oxide have led to their use in heat transport and heat sinking applications.

 

·         Beryllium has exceptional flexural rigidity (Young's modulus 287 GPa) and a reasonably high melting point.

(more…)

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Lithium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Wednesday, October 26th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Lithium". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

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Wikipedia article:  Lithium

 

Lithium

 

Lithium (100)

 

·         Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable.

 

·         When cut open, lithium exhibits a metallic luster, but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black, tarnish.

 

·         Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs free in nature, and instead, only appears in compounds, which are usually ionic.

 

·         Lithium occurs in a number of pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines and clays. (more…)

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Helium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Tuesday, October 25th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Helium". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Helium" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Here are the 10 most important keywords and summaries in the Wikipedia article describing "Helium"

 

Wikipedia article:  Helium

 

Helium

 

Helium (100)

 

·         Helium is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant element in the observable universe, being present at about 24% of the total elemental mass, which is more than 12 times the mass of all the heavier elements combined.

 

·         This is due to the very high binding energy (per nucleon) of helium-4 with respect to the next three elements after helium.

 

·         In 1903, large reserves of helium were found in natural gas fields in parts of the United States, which is by far the largest supplier of the gas today.

 

·         Helium is used in cryogenics (its largest single use, absorbing about a quarter of production), particularly in the cooling of superconducting magnets, with the main commercial application being in MRI scanners.

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