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Chlorine: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Saturday, February 11th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Chlorine". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Chlorine" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

 

Wikipedia article:  Chlorine

 

Chlorine

 

Chlorine (100)

 

·         It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements; for this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent.

 

·         The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont.

 

·         The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air," having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid.

 

·         The great oxidizing potential of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as uses of an essential reagent in the chemical industry.

 

·         As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary.

 

·         Solutions of chlorine in water contain chlorine (Cl2), hydrochloric acid, and hypochlorous acid: This conversion to the right is called disproportionation, because the ingredient chlorine both increases and decreases in formal oxidation state.

 

·         Like the other halogens, chlorine participates in free-radical substitution reactions with hydrogen-containing organic compounds.

 

·         In the Earth's crust, chlorine is present at average concentrations of about 126 parts per million, predominantly in such minerals as halite (sodium chloride), sylvite (potassium chloride), and carnallite (potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate).

 

·         Principal applications of chlorine are in the production of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

 

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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Sulfur: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, January 26th, 2012

Visual presentation communicates information clearly and effectively through graphical means. WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base.

WikiSummarizer is an interactive learning and teaching tool providing effective graphical visualization that reduces complex information and provides clear and attractive presentation of the essential points. The interactive summaries are easily shared and published in blogs, websites and documents as digital Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds.

It is easy to collaborate and mine information using the WikiSummarizer summaries in blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Sulfur". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

Here is a link to the "Sulfur" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Keyword Cloud with links to Wikipedia Knowledge Base

 

 

Essential Summary

Wikipedia article:  Sulfur

 

Sulfur

 

Sulfur (100)

 

·         Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.

 

·         Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature.

 

·         Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes.

 

·         Many sulfur compounds are odiferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds.

 

·         Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin.

 

·         In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites contribute some sulfur.

 

·         Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes have until recently been the basis for commercial production in the United States, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine.

 

·         Today, sulfur is produced from petroleum, natural gas, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as hydrogen sulfide.

 

·         This process entails oxidation of some hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and then the comproportionation of the two: Owing to the high sulfur content of the Athabasca Oil Sands, stockpiles of elemental sulfur from this process now exist throughout Alberta, Canada.

 

·         Reduction of elemental sulfur gives polysulfides, which consist of chains of sulfur atoms terminated with S centers: This reaction highlights arguably the single most distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to catenate (bind to itself by formation of chains).

 

·         Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing monoterpenoid grapefruit mercaptan in small concentrations is responsible for the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations.

 

·         Being abundantly available in native form, sulfur (Latin sulphur) was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah (Genesis).

 

·         Elemental sulfur is mainly used as a precursor to other chemicals.

 

·         Reduced glutathione, a sulfur-containing tripeptide, is a reducing agent through its sulfhydryl (-SH) moiety derived from cysteine.

 

———————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

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Neon: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, January 19th, 2012

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Neon". The Visual Summary map and the Keyword Cloud were automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents them as Visual Summaries, Tree Views and Keyword Clouds. These are powerful visualization tools to speed up learning and comprehension. WikiSummarizer provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and it serves as powerful learning tool.

The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to blogs, websites, word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Neon" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Keyword Cloud – automatically generated by WikiSummarizer

The 10 keywords in the cloud are linked to Wikipedia Knowledge Base for additional references and exploration of the subjects.

 

 

 

Wikipedia article: Neon – Essential Summary

 

Neon

 

Neon (100)

 

· A colorless, inert noble gas under standard conditions, neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in either low-voltage neon glow lamps or in high-voltage discharge tubes or neon advertising signs.

· Neon was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of the atmosphere until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off.

· Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for lighting along the lines of Moore tubes, which used nitrogen and which were commercialized in the early 1900s.

· After 1902, Georges Claude's company, Air Liquide, was producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air liquefaction business, and in December 1910 Claude demonstrated modern neon lighting based on a sealed tube of neon.

· Thomson eventually concluded that some of the atoms in the neon gas were of higher mass than the rest.

· The principal nuclear reactions which generate nucleogenic neon isotopes start from Mg and Mg, which produce Ne and Ne, respectively, after neutron capture and immediate emission of an alpha particle.

· Neon is actually abundant on a universal scale; it is the fifth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass, after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon (see chemical element).

· Liquefied neon is commercially used as a cryogenic refrigerant in applications not requiring the lower temperature range attainable with more extreme liquid helium refrigeration.

 ————————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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What users are saying about WikiSummarizer

Monday, November 28th, 2011

 

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as a  learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here are some comment from users about WikiSummarizer:

WikiSummarizer Cool Add in

 "WikiSummarizer provides readers with essential points of an article quickly and with clarity – helping them realize key points with less effort."

  Troy Larson – Mindjet Blog

 

 WikiSummarizer: A Google Wonder Wheel Substitute

 "Called the WikiSummarizer this tool automatically generates outlines from Wikipedia articles on any topic. The result—much like the result of a Wonder Wheel search—-is a condensed list of important subtopics connected to a broader concept."

 Bill Ferriter – The Tempered Radical

 

WikiSummarizer Outlines Wikipedia

 "WikiSummarizer is a site that allows you to search Wikipedia, have articles summarized by key points, and provides lists of articles that are related to your original search."

 Richard Byrne – Free Technology for Teachers

 

 Read Less, Learn More – WikiSummarizer

 "The immediate benefit from a summary comes from a review of the keywords, giving the reader instant insight into the substance and meaning of the text. Further review of the extracted sentences adds to this initial insight."

 Steve Rothwell – Peace of Mind Blog

 

Click on the image to see more references about WikiSummarizer.

 

 

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Wikipedia articles and presents the results as a structured outline, a Visual Summary and a Keyword Cloud.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

The Keyword Cloud is linked with Wikipedia Knowledge Base. When you click on the keyword in the cloud you will be presented with an instant Visual Summary.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The summaries are stored in a knowledge library.

Report writers can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

 

 

 

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Oxygen: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Saturday, November 26th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Oxygen". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Oxygen" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

Wikipedia article:  Oxygen

 

Oxygen

 

Oxygen (100)

 

·         Oxygen ( /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/ ok-si-jin) is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) ("acid", literally "sharp", referring to the sour taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) ("producer", literally "begetter"), because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition.

 

·         Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements.

 

·         Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent and has the second highest electronegativity of all the elements (only fluorine has a higher electronegativity).

 

·         By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust, making up almost half of the crust's mass.

 

·         Free oxygen is too chemically reactive to appear on Earth without the photosynthetic action of living organisms, which use the energy of sunlight to produce elemental oxygen from water.

 

·         Oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms, which were the dominant form of early life on Earth until O2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere.

 

·         The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion.

 

·         Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites with pressure-cycling to concentrate oxygen from air, electrolysis of water and other means.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

 

·         Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

 

·         The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere.

 

·         Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygиne in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.

 

·         In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen; and by 1811 Amedeo Avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called Avogadro's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules.

 

·         Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.

 

·         Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide.

 

gas (100)

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

 

·         In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".

 

pressure (89)

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

 

·         Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites with pressure-cycling to concentrate oxygen from air, electrolysis of water and other means.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

 

·         Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.

 

compounds (45)

 

·         Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements.

 

·         Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide.

 

acids (43)

 

·         Oxygen ( /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/ ok-si-jin) is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) ("acid", literally "sharp", referring to the sour taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) ("producer", literally "begetter"), because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition.

 

·         Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygиne in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.

 

oxide (40)

 

·         In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".

 

mass (35)

 

·         By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust, making up almost half of the crust's mass.

 

temperature (32)

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

 

air (31)

 

·         Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites with pressure-cycling to concentrate oxygen from air, electrolysis of water and other means.

 

·         In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".

 

·         Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygиne in 1777 from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp," from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.

 

atoms (24)

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a very pale blue, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

 

·         At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a very pale blue, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration.

————————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Web pages and documents in English, French, Spanish, and German.

The summaries are stored in organizational knowledge library. Report writers, including web-based ones, can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

 

 

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Nitrogen: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, November 10th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Nitrogen". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Nitrogen" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

 

Wikipedia article:  Nitrogen

 

Nitrogen

 

Nitrogen (100)

 

·         Nitrogen ( /ˈnaɪtrɵdʒɨn/ ny-trə-jin) is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u.

 

·         Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere.

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

·         The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N2 into useful compounds, but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas.

 

·         Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.

 

·         Nitrogen is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air.

 

·         Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen gas is the essential part of nitric acid, in turn formed from saltpetre (potassium nitrate), then known as nitre.

 

·         Other classes of nitrogen anions (negatively charged ions) are the poisonous azides (N− 3), which are linear and isoelectronic to carbon dioxide, but which bind to important iron-containing enzymes in the body in a manner more resembling cyanide.

 

·         Other notable nitrogen-containing drugs are drugs derived from plant alkaloids, such as morphine (there exist many alkaloids known to have pharmacological effects; in some cases, they appear natural chemical defenses of plants against predation).

 

compounds (100)

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

·         The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N2 into useful compounds, but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas.

 

·         Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.

 

nitric acid (92)

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

·         Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen gas is the essential part of nitric acid, in turn formed from saltpetre (potassium nitrate), then known as nitre.

 

atmosphere (85)

 

·         Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere.

 

·         Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.

 

nitrate (82)

 

·         Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen gas is the essential part of nitric acid, in turn formed from saltpetre (potassium nitrate), then known as nitre.

 

nitrogen gas (64)

 

·         The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N2 into useful compounds, but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas.

 

·         Chaptal's meaning was that nitrogen gas is the essential part of nitric acid, in turn formed from saltpetre (potassium nitrate), then known as nitre.

 

air (60)

 

·         Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from the air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere.

 

·         Nitrogen is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air.

 

·         The production of electronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits Dried and pressurized, as a dielectric gas for high-voltage equipment The manufacturing of stainless steel Used in military aircraft fuel systems to reduce fire hazard, (see inerting system) On top of liquid explosives as a safety measure Filling automotive and aircraft tires due to its inertness and lack of moisture or oxidative qualities, as opposed to air.

 

explosives (46)

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

·         The production of electronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits Dried and pressurized, as a dielectric gas for high-voltage equipment The manufacturing of stainless steel Used in military aircraft fuel systems to reduce fire hazard, (see inerting system) On top of liquid explosives as a safety measure Filling automotive and aircraft tires due to its inertness and lack of moisture or oxidative qualities, as opposed to air.

 

ammonia (39)

 

·         Many industrially important compounds, such as ammonia, nitric acid, organic nitrates (propellants and explosives), and cyanides, contain nitrogen.

 

decay (28)

 

·         The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry, causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N2 into useful compounds, but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas.

 

————————————–

· This summary was produced by WikiSummarizer for Wikipedia

 

· WikiSummarizer is an automated text summarization and text mining application created by Context Discovery Inc

 

· If you are interested in using WikiSummarizer technology please contact us at wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

——————————————————

About Context Discovery WikiSummarizer

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based summarization portal that summarizes Web pages and documents in English, French, Spanish, and German.

The summaries are stored in organizational knowledge library. Report writers, including web-based ones, can be easily used for knowledge mining of the summaries, keywords and links. The Wikipedia Knowledge Base search function works as a back-of-the-book index pointing to the most relevant summaries and links.

The keywords and summaries are easily exported to other applications such as word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications like Mindjet MindManager, MindGenius, XMind, and any other mind mapping application.

The Visual Summary can be navigated in any browser on Windows, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPad and Android devices.

For more information about installing WikiSummarizer for your organization or as a cloud server please contact wikisummarizer@contextdiscovery.com

 

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Posted by Henry | Comments Off

Boron: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Friday, October 28th, 2011

This Visual Summary presents the keywords and the key summaries of the Wikipedia article about "Boron". The Visual Summary map was automatically created by WikiSummarizer.

WikiSummarizer is a Web-based application that summarizes Wikipedia articles and provides Wikipedia Knowledge Base for comprehensive references, and as learning tool. The Wikipedia summaries can be exported to word editors, browsers, mind mapping applications, databases and content management systems.

Here is a link to the "Boron" Visual Summary for navigation in your browser.

 

 

Wikipedia article:  Boron

 

 

Boron (100)

 

·         Boron is a metalloid.

 

·         However, boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals.

 

·         Chemically uncombined boron is not found naturally on Earth.

 

·         Industrially, very pure isolated boron is produced with difficulty, as boron tends to form refractory materials containing small amounts of carbon or other elements.

 

·         Several allotropes of boron exist: amorphous boron is a brown powder and crystalline boron is black, extremely hard (about 9.5 on Mohs' scale), and a poor conductor at room temperature.

(more…)

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Beryllium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Thursday, October 27th, 2011

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Wikipedia article:  Beryllium

 

Beryllium

 

Beryllium (100)

 

·         Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl.

 

·         Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and in particle physics experiments.

 

·         The high thermal conductivity of beryllium and beryllium oxide have led to their use in heat transport and heat sinking applications.

 

·         Beryllium has exceptional flexural rigidity (Young's modulus 287 GPa) and a reasonably high melting point.

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Lithium: Wikipedia Visual Summary by WikiSummarizer

Wednesday, October 26th, 2011

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Wikipedia article:  Lithium

 

Lithium

 

Lithium (100)

 

·         Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable.

 

·         When cut open, lithium exhibits a metallic luster, but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black, tarnish.

 

·         Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs free in nature, and instead, only appears in compounds, which are usually ionic.

 

·         Lithium occurs in a number of pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines and clays. (more…)

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Linguistics: Wikipedia summary by WikiSummarizer

Friday, September 23rd, 2011

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Wikipedia article:  Linguistics

 

Linguistics

 

Linguistics (100)

 

·         Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context.

 

·         Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived.

 

·         Language in its broader context includes evolutionary linguistics, which considers the origins of language; historical linguistics, which explores language change; sociolinguistics, which looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures; psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which looks at language processing in the brain; language acquisition, how children or adults acquire language; and discourse analysis, which involves the structure of texts and conversations.

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